I have been practicing exclusively in the area of estate planning for over 27 years. Yet, last week a questioned posed by a young couple seemed to resonate in my mind like never before. "What is the number one benefit of doing a trust?" My mind quickly raced to the 1980's movie "City Slickers" when the old crusty cowboy said to Billy Crystal, the city slicker, that he must find "just one thing" that is important to him in life and uses that as a motivation to have a happy and successful life.
While it may be trite to observe that no two individuals are the same, it is not a clich to say that everyone of us can benefit from estate planning tax advice, if only to learn that we will not have to worry because our estates will not be large enough that a tax is applicable. The estates of those just beginning their careers may not require a lot of estate planning tax avoidance measures, while the estates of their grandparents very well might.
Saving Taxes - People have heard this phrase over and over again in newspaper ads inviting people to public seminars put on by a "national expert" that nobody has ever really heard of. But, how does a Trust really help to save taxes? Under today's tax laws, a common Revocable Trust does not save taxes for most people. First, a Trust doesn't save any income taxes. The Trust is ignored for income tax purposes and all of the income generated by the Trust is taxed to the individual Grantors of the Trust as usual. Also, for a single person, a Trust does not save any estate taxes. But, for a married couple, a Trust can save estate taxes. Most married couples have a Revocable Trust, that splits into an "A" and a "B" trust at the death of the first spouse. The primary reason for this split is that it guarantees that the couple will get two exemptions to apply against the estate tax. One exemption for the "B" trust when the first spouse dies, and then a second exemption against the "A" trust when the surviving spouse passes. Without an A/B trust, it is possible that the exemption of the first spouse could be wasted. But, since the federal estate tax exemption is now set at $5 million, most couples only need one exemption anyway. So, in the end, for probably 95% of married couples, having a trust will not save any estate taxes. Now, this is true as to the Revocable living trust.
Don't confuse this with the 4 or 5 other "specialty trusts" that have the specific purpose of saving estate taxes. Examples of a "specialty trust" would be an Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust (designed to keep life insurance out of the estate tax system) and a Qualified Personal Residence Trust (designed to keep the primary and vacation residences out of the estate tax system). Restrictions and Incentives for Spouse - A well drafted Trust should contain provisions as to what happens to the assets of the first spouse to die, if the surviving spouse remarries. Most clients want to adequately provide for their spouse, but they don't want to provide for their spouse's new husband or wife. Also, to what extent can the surviving spouse change the estate plan, after the death of the first spouse, to disinherit the children. My experience is that most spouses tend to remarry, and most of the time, that new spouse will also have children. Now, we end up with a "blended family". Over time, the surviving spouse feels love and loyalty to the new spouse, and perhaps the new stepchildren. We probably all agree that the surviving spouse should be able to do what they wish with respect to their community property half interest in the asses. The more difficult question is whether the surviving spouse can also control the ultimate disposition of the deceased spouse's community property half of the trust and make provisions for the new spouse or the new stepchildren out of the deceased spouses's half of the trust.
Restrictions and Incentives for Children - The key question here relates to the timing in which a child should gain unrestricted access, an outright distribution, to the assets after the death of both parents. We would all agree that if a child is a minor, then the assets should be controlled and restricted by an independent trustee for a period of time. What we may disagree on, is the appropriate age in which all restrictions and the independent trustee should be removed. Some clients say age 25, some say 30, and I have had many that say 50 or 60. My experience is that the older my clients are, the higher they will set the ages for their children to gain control. For example, if the kids are minors, then most couples will set the restriction to be lifted at age 30. However, if the couple is much older, and the kids are already over age 30, then these couples may set the restrictions to age 40 or 45. We may also want to build certain "incentives" into the estate plan. A common incentive is "if you earn a buck, then the trust will pay you another buck". So, you create an incentive for a child to go out and earn a living. Over the years, I have seen the destruction that is brought to a "trust fund baby". Money and inheritances can ruin a child and ruin a life. That is why many wealthy people will leave large portions of their wealth to charities, instead of their children (and yes, there are income tax advantages and estate tax advantages of doing this, but the primary reason would be to encourage the child to have a productive life). You may also want to provide incentives depending on if a child graduates from college or achieves some other educational benchmark. I do see the risk of using the trust as a "carrot" that is dangled in front of a child to be manipulative. But, some well thought out incentives can really go a long way to help a son or a daughter cope with the vicissitudes of life and be blessing to them, and not a curse.
Asset Protection - For example, having an A/B Trust as described above, can make sure that the assets of a deceased spouse are not subject to the creditor claims of the surviving spouse. As a firm, we are recommending A/B trusts for this reason more than the reason discussed above where an A/B trust can provide two estate tax exemptions. In variably, the surviving spouse ends up in a nursing home that chews up the net worth very quickly. So, having half of the estate in a "B" trust, protected from the creditors (ie nursing home costs) of the surviving spouse makes a lot of sense.
While it may be trite to observe that no two individuals are the same, it is not a clich to say that everyone of us can benefit from estate planning tax advice, if only to learn that we will not have to worry because our estates will not be large enough that a tax is applicable. The estates of those just beginning their careers may not require a lot of estate planning tax avoidance measures, while the estates of their grandparents very well might.
Saving Taxes - People have heard this phrase over and over again in newspaper ads inviting people to public seminars put on by a "national expert" that nobody has ever really heard of. But, how does a Trust really help to save taxes? Under today's tax laws, a common Revocable Trust does not save taxes for most people. First, a Trust doesn't save any income taxes. The Trust is ignored for income tax purposes and all of the income generated by the Trust is taxed to the individual Grantors of the Trust as usual. Also, for a single person, a Trust does not save any estate taxes. But, for a married couple, a Trust can save estate taxes. Most married couples have a Revocable Trust, that splits into an "A" and a "B" trust at the death of the first spouse. The primary reason for this split is that it guarantees that the couple will get two exemptions to apply against the estate tax. One exemption for the "B" trust when the first spouse dies, and then a second exemption against the "A" trust when the surviving spouse passes. Without an A/B trust, it is possible that the exemption of the first spouse could be wasted. But, since the federal estate tax exemption is now set at $5 million, most couples only need one exemption anyway. So, in the end, for probably 95% of married couples, having a trust will not save any estate taxes. Now, this is true as to the Revocable living trust.
Don't confuse this with the 4 or 5 other "specialty trusts" that have the specific purpose of saving estate taxes. Examples of a "specialty trust" would be an Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust (designed to keep life insurance out of the estate tax system) and a Qualified Personal Residence Trust (designed to keep the primary and vacation residences out of the estate tax system). Restrictions and Incentives for Spouse - A well drafted Trust should contain provisions as to what happens to the assets of the first spouse to die, if the surviving spouse remarries. Most clients want to adequately provide for their spouse, but they don't want to provide for their spouse's new husband or wife. Also, to what extent can the surviving spouse change the estate plan, after the death of the first spouse, to disinherit the children. My experience is that most spouses tend to remarry, and most of the time, that new spouse will also have children. Now, we end up with a "blended family". Over time, the surviving spouse feels love and loyalty to the new spouse, and perhaps the new stepchildren. We probably all agree that the surviving spouse should be able to do what they wish with respect to their community property half interest in the asses. The more difficult question is whether the surviving spouse can also control the ultimate disposition of the deceased spouse's community property half of the trust and make provisions for the new spouse or the new stepchildren out of the deceased spouses's half of the trust.
Restrictions and Incentives for Children - The key question here relates to the timing in which a child should gain unrestricted access, an outright distribution, to the assets after the death of both parents. We would all agree that if a child is a minor, then the assets should be controlled and restricted by an independent trustee for a period of time. What we may disagree on, is the appropriate age in which all restrictions and the independent trustee should be removed. Some clients say age 25, some say 30, and I have had many that say 50 or 60. My experience is that the older my clients are, the higher they will set the ages for their children to gain control. For example, if the kids are minors, then most couples will set the restriction to be lifted at age 30. However, if the couple is much older, and the kids are already over age 30, then these couples may set the restrictions to age 40 or 45. We may also want to build certain "incentives" into the estate plan. A common incentive is "if you earn a buck, then the trust will pay you another buck". So, you create an incentive for a child to go out and earn a living. Over the years, I have seen the destruction that is brought to a "trust fund baby". Money and inheritances can ruin a child and ruin a life. That is why many wealthy people will leave large portions of their wealth to charities, instead of their children (and yes, there are income tax advantages and estate tax advantages of doing this, but the primary reason would be to encourage the child to have a productive life). You may also want to provide incentives depending on if a child graduates from college or achieves some other educational benchmark. I do see the risk of using the trust as a "carrot" that is dangled in front of a child to be manipulative. But, some well thought out incentives can really go a long way to help a son or a daughter cope with the vicissitudes of life and be blessing to them, and not a curse.
Asset Protection - For example, having an A/B Trust as described above, can make sure that the assets of a deceased spouse are not subject to the creditor claims of the surviving spouse. As a firm, we are recommending A/B trusts for this reason more than the reason discussed above where an A/B trust can provide two estate tax exemptions. In variably, the surviving spouse ends up in a nursing home that chews up the net worth very quickly. So, having half of the estate in a "B" trust, protected from the creditors (ie nursing home costs) of the surviving spouse makes a lot of sense.
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Frank Miller has a Debt Consolidation Blog & Finance, these are some of the articles: A Lot Of Effortless Techniques To Obtain A Money Expert You have full permission to reprint this article provided this box is kept unchanged.
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