The work of surveyors involves surveying land to demarcate boundaries for a number of infrastructure and structures. Some of these infrastructure and structures are private homes, factory structures, public facilities, railways, roads and many more. A lot of responsibilities are charged to surveyors. This means it is a must that they are licensed and well trained for them to discharge their duties and responsibilities to the community. There are various requirements set by every country that must be met by surveyors for them to work. This is what Missouri Boundary Survey are all about.
Surveying has been in existence for a very long period. It is therefore an old practice. Ancient civilizations like the Roman and Greek Empires practiced surveying and there is evidence to support this fact. Surveying was done at the basic level during that period. However, much development has been carried out to make the field better. When it comes to equipment and methods applied presently, the level of sophistication is very high.
Several different instruments are in use in the field of surveying around the world. Some of the most commonly used instruments are measuring tape, 3D scanners, theodolite, rod, total station, and GPS/GNSS. Most of these instruments are screwed onto a tripod so that they can be used effectively. For short distances, tape measures are usually used.
A theodolite is applied to measure angles in surveying. Two separate circles, protractors, and alidades are applied to measure angles in the vertical and horizontal planes. Normally, vertical alignment of an object and a telescope is done first. Usually, telescopes are mounted on trunnions. The telescope creates the angle against the vertical line. This angle is measured using the vertical circle. This vertical line is named as the zenith angle.
A gyrotheodolite is a special kind of theodolite. This instrument makes use of a gyroscope so that it can orient itself. This is usually necessary in cases where reference marks do not exist. The use of gyrotheodolite is in underground applications. Theodolites have been developed further into total stations. Total stations are basically theodolites only that they are developed with an electronic distance measurement device.
Total stations can be used for leveling when set on horizontal planes. During the first introduction of total stations, the devices were optical-mechanical. However, nowadays, they are fully electronic due to the better technology used. Reflectors or prisms are no longer needed to return pulses of light used for measuring distances in modern stations. Advanced stations are completely robotic and are able to e-mail data to computers that are remote.
Also, advanced stations can automatically get connected to satellite positioning systems. There is great increase in the surveying speed due to real time kinematic GPS systems. However, there is still a limitation in the accuracy real time kinematics GPS systems. This limitation is in both horizontal and vertical planes. Vertical accuracy is accurate up to 30-40 m, while horizontal accuracy is only 20 mm.
There is a lot of variance in the way survey uses GPS and how other equipment and methods use GPS. Static GPS in surveying uses two receivers positioned in an area for a significant period of time. For the receivers to compare measurements as satellite orbit, the receivers must remain in position for a long period.
Surveying has been in existence for a very long period. It is therefore an old practice. Ancient civilizations like the Roman and Greek Empires practiced surveying and there is evidence to support this fact. Surveying was done at the basic level during that period. However, much development has been carried out to make the field better. When it comes to equipment and methods applied presently, the level of sophistication is very high.
Several different instruments are in use in the field of surveying around the world. Some of the most commonly used instruments are measuring tape, 3D scanners, theodolite, rod, total station, and GPS/GNSS. Most of these instruments are screwed onto a tripod so that they can be used effectively. For short distances, tape measures are usually used.
A theodolite is applied to measure angles in surveying. Two separate circles, protractors, and alidades are applied to measure angles in the vertical and horizontal planes. Normally, vertical alignment of an object and a telescope is done first. Usually, telescopes are mounted on trunnions. The telescope creates the angle against the vertical line. This angle is measured using the vertical circle. This vertical line is named as the zenith angle.
A gyrotheodolite is a special kind of theodolite. This instrument makes use of a gyroscope so that it can orient itself. This is usually necessary in cases where reference marks do not exist. The use of gyrotheodolite is in underground applications. Theodolites have been developed further into total stations. Total stations are basically theodolites only that they are developed with an electronic distance measurement device.
Total stations can be used for leveling when set on horizontal planes. During the first introduction of total stations, the devices were optical-mechanical. However, nowadays, they are fully electronic due to the better technology used. Reflectors or prisms are no longer needed to return pulses of light used for measuring distances in modern stations. Advanced stations are completely robotic and are able to e-mail data to computers that are remote.
Also, advanced stations can automatically get connected to satellite positioning systems. There is great increase in the surveying speed due to real time kinematic GPS systems. However, there is still a limitation in the accuracy real time kinematics GPS systems. This limitation is in both horizontal and vertical planes. Vertical accuracy is accurate up to 30-40 m, while horizontal accuracy is only 20 mm.
There is a lot of variance in the way survey uses GPS and how other equipment and methods use GPS. Static GPS in surveying uses two receivers positioned in an area for a significant period of time. For the receivers to compare measurements as satellite orbit, the receivers must remain in position for a long period.
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